Edu Rekha International Journal of Arts, Law and Social Science
Volume-2 Issue-5 (September-October) 2026

Experimental study of clay soil stabilization with lime and sea water for road subgrade use. After 1080 days of curing period.

CHRISTODOULIAS JOHN

View PDFPage: 01-09

Extensive areas around the world are covered by clay soils of high swelling potential. These clays are now well known as active clays due to their behavior with volume changes according to their moisture content. In arid and seem-arid regions such as Greece or other Mediterranean countries, the clay material exists in an unsaturated condition due to deep water table. With seasonal climatic changes, the clay tends to change moisture content. The purpose of this laboratory investigation firstly was to examine the engineering properties. For this, grain size analyses, Atterberg limits, x-ray analyses, , shrinkage limits tests, swell pressure in the oedometer, cation exchange capacity and pH in disturbed soil samples have been investigated. Also, an attempt has made to stabilize and increase strength of an active clay soil with different percentage of lime and long curing period of time, in order to use the clay mixture with lime for subbase construction for roads, railway embankments, air-port running- ways. The results were very promising.

Keywords: swelling clay, lime, stabilization.

Aristotelian Teleology, Public Morality, and Statecraft: An Examination of Ethics and Politics in Classical Philosophy and the Development of Post-Colonial Nigeria

INYIKALUM, Daniel Chibuike

View PDFPage: 10-14

This inquiry investigated the structural and philosophical intersections between Aristotle’s treatises on moral philosophy and statecraft, specifically the Nicomachean Ethics and the Politics and maps their diagnostic and prescriptive utility onto the socio-political evolution of Nigeria. Operating on the central Aristotelian premise that politics is an extension of ethics directed toward the realization of the highest human good (eudaimonia), this paper evaluated the systemic failures of post-colonial Nigerian governance. Based on the qualitative methods of data collection and analysis, the study argued that contemporary Nigerian politics suffers from an existential crisis driven by the deliberate severance of public action from moral accountability, institutionalized prebendalism, and the erosion of civic friendship (philia). Through an examination of historical trajectories, socio-cultural matrices (such as the ọmọlúwàbí ethos), and structural governance deficits, the study concluded that sustainable political development in Nigeria requires a teleological realignment of state power with virtue ethics, institutional coercion for moral habituation, and the conscious cultivation of practical wisdom (phronesis) among leadership cadres. The study thus recommended that for Nigeria to transcend its current structural crises, its political culture must undergo an ethical renaissance. By embedding practical wisdom in leadership, reinforcing coercive institutional accountability, revitalizing civic friendship across ethnic fault lines, and anchoring public policy in virtue ethics

Key words: Aristotle, Eudaimonia, Political Ethics, Nigerian Politics, Prebendalism, Phronesis, Public Morality.

ARMED CONFLICTS, HUMANITARIAN CRISIS AND ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SAHEL REGION

INYIKALUM, Daniel Chibuike1* & OKE, Harry Omoro JP.2

View PDFPage: 15-21

In examining armed conflicts and Humanitarian crisis in the Sahel Region, this paper observed with keen interest that the persistent and growing strength of violent extremist organizations in the Sahel threatens to exacerbate the humanitarian crisis and spread instability across the Sahel region of Africa. The study was based on the Neo-Malthusian theory which insists that there exist a relationship between environmental changes and insecurity since the former would bring about scarcity in resources and the latter would also occur because of competition over scarce resources leading to violent conflict and crime. The methodology of the study was that of the qualitative method based on secondary sources of data collection. The study discovered that violence in the Sahel has exponentially increased the rate of displacement and migration from the region, compounding pressures on northern and coastal African states and Europe, the epicenters of violence and humanitarian disaster are in the Liptako-Gourma and Lake Chad Basin sub-regions. Based on the above, the study recommended that Governments across the central Sahel and affected coastal countries, along with technical and financial partners, to significantly scale up investment in expanding access to essential social services and protection, as key pathways to peace and security.

Keywords: Armed conflicts, Humanitarian crisis, Sahel Region

BEYOND THE WESTPHALIAN VEIL: The Inadequacy of State-Centric Approaches in Understanding Contemporary International Security

INYIKALUM, Daniel Chibuike

View PDFPage: 22-26

For centuries, the architecture of international security studies has rested upon the Westphalian bedrock of state-centrism. Realist and neorealist frameworks historically posited the sovereign state as both the primary actor and the ultimate referent object of security, treating the international system as an anarchic arena defined by a zero-sum pursuit of material power. Applying realist and Liberal theories and the qualitative methods of data collection based on content analysis, the study argues that contemporary security architecture faces unprecedented transformations. The proliferation of transnational threats ranging from asymmetric cyber warfare and global health pandemics to climate-induced migrations and decentralized terrorist networks demonstrates that traditional state-centric models are no longer analytically sufficient. This article examines the theoretical blind spots of statism, evaluates the shift toward multi-actor frameworks. Based on the foregoing, this article recommended for a re-conceptualized security paradigm that incorporates human agency and complex interdependence.

Keywords: Westphalian Veil, State-Centric Approaches, Contemporary International Security, Statism

Conspiracy theories in the information society – between the perception of threats and the destabilisation of security. A Polish perspective

Daria KRZEWNIAK

View PDFPage: 27-35

In the information society, conspiracy theories have become a permanent feature of information cycle and important means for interpreting complex and uncertain social phenomena. Their increased presence is particularly evident in crisis situations, such as health, climate, technological or geopolitical threats, as well as in the context of information overload, declining trust in public institutions and the growing role of digital media. This phenomenon raises important questions about the relationship between subjective perceptions of threats and real consequences for security. The aim of this article is to analyse conspiracy theories functioning in the information society as narratives shaping the perception of threats and to identify the mechanisms through which these narratives can lead to the destabilisation of individual, social and state security. In particular, an attempt has been made to answer the question of how conspiracy theories influence cognitive processes, social trust and information resilience. The article uses qualitative theoretical analysis and a critical review of scientific literature in the fields of security sciences, media studies and social psychology. The analysis is based on Polish and foreign scientific publications and institutional reports on disinformation, information security and the functioning of the information society. The analyses indicate that conspiracy theories serve to reduce subjective feelings of uncertainty and threat, but at the same time lead to an erosion of trust in expert knowledge, public institutions and democratic procedures. Their dissemination contributes to social polarisation, reduced security and a weakening of the state’s ability to respond effectively to crises. Conspiracy theories are a significant factor destabilising security in the information society, especially in situations of heightened uncertainty and crises. Effective countermeasures against this phenomenon require an integrated approach combining media education, strengthening information literacy, and a consistent communication policy on the part of public institutions.

Keywords: Conspiracy theory, Disinformation, Information security, Information society, Social resilience, Threat.

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